eCMR in Spain: complete guide to the digital consignment note, regulation and time horizons

The eCMR in Spain, or electronic consignment note, is an essential solution to further boost the digitization of road freight transport.

Although it is an essential solution, its implementation is not widespread due to regulatory uncertainty, the absence of a leader to initiate change and the culture of change rejection that has traditionally accompanied the road.

In this article, we discuss in depth what eCMR is, how it is regulated in Spain, its regulatory evolution and the key time horizons that will mark its mandatory adoption. In addition, we explore how companies can anticipate and benefit from this digital transformation.

What is CMR and eCMR in Spain?

The CMR or consignment note is an international road transport document that formalizes the contract for the shipment of goods. In other words, this document proves the existence of a contractual relationship between a shipper and a transport company and sets out the terms of the contract.

In line with the digital transformation, the CMR has evolved to its paperless version, giving way to the digital consignment note or eCMR.

This version has the same functionality and legal guarantee as the traditional one and, although it is not yet mandatory, the eCMR in Spain is much more advanced than in other European countries.

Evolution and background of eCMR in Spain

The CMR was born in 1956 in Geneva with the signing of the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR).

However, the CMR in Spain was not created until May 13, 1974, when Spain’s Instrument of Accession to the Convention was approved.

Although digitization seems to be a trend born a few years ago, it was in 2008 when the Additional Protocol to the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, relating to the electronic consignment note, i.e. the eCMR, was adopted in Geneva.

The electronic CMR in Spain arrived with its accession in August 2011 to the aforementioned Additional Protocol. As stated in the text, “any consignment note issued in accordance with this Protocol shall be deemed equivalent to the consignment note referred to in the Convention, and shall therefore have the same evidentiary force and produce the same effects as the latter”.

In this way, the digital consignment note or eCMR in Spain was legally protected and progress was made in the digital transformation of road freight transport.

eCMR protocol in Spain

The consignment note, in both its traditional and digital versions, must be issued in three original copies, signed by the sender and the carrier. As stated in the CMR Protocol in Spain, the first copy will be sent to the sender, the second will accompany the goods and the third will be retained by the carrier.

In the digital version, the costs of issuance and custody of this transport document are eliminated as all the agents involved receive the eCMR on their devices.

Example of digital CMR

As stated in the Instrument of Accession of Spain to the CMR Convention, the consignment note, whether in paper or electronic format, must contain the following information:

• Place and date of drafting.
• Name and address of sender.
• Name and address of the carrier,
• Place and date on which the goods are taken over.
• Name and address of the addressee and place of delivery.
• Description of the nature of the goods and the method of packaging, as well as the normal description of the goods if they are dangerous.
• Number of packages, their particular marks and numbers.
• Quantity of goods, expressed in gross weight or otherwise.
• Transport costs (transport price, ancillary costs, customs duties and other costs arising from the conclusion of the contract up to the time of delivery),
• Instructions required by customs and other formalities.
• Indication that the carriage is subject, even if otherwise stipulated, to the regime established by this Convention.

The eCMR Protocol in Spain also establishes that other indications may be added if required, as well as any other information deemed appropriate:

• Express mention of prohibition of transshipment.
• Expenses borne by the sender.
• Amount of the reimbursement to be received at the time of delivery of the goods.
• Declared value of the goods and the amount representing the special interest in the delivery.
• Instructions from the shipper to the carrier concerning the insurance of the goods.
• Agreed time within which the transport is to be carried out.
• List of documents delivered to the carrier.

Regulation (EU) 2020/1055

The European Union established the framework for the development of the electronic transport document within the EU with Regulation (EU) 2020/1055.

In particular, it establishes that, in the framework of international transport and cabotage controls, the required documentary evidence may be submitted or transmitted in electronic format, provided that they use a structured format that can be used directly by the control authorities.

In this regard, it expressly recognizes the possibility of using the electronic consignment note (eCMR), in accordance with the additional protocol to the CMR Convention, allowing such information to be accessible during roadside inspections prior to their completion, without imposing in any case the obligation to use exclusively the electronic format.

eFTI Regulations

The eFTI Regulation, Electronic Freight Transport Information, will also affect eCMR in Spain.

This Regulation establishes a legal framework for the electronic communication of regulatory information relating to the carriage of goods on the territory of the Union between the economic operators concerned and the competent authorities.

According to the text, from July 2027 all administrations will be obliged to accept transport documentation in electronic format. However, it is not until 2029 that the mandatory use of electronic documentation, such as the eCMR, could be approved for all stakeholders.

National consignment note vs. eCMR

Although they are often used as synonyms, the consignment note used in the domestic transport of goods is not the same as the one used in international transport.

The international one, as we have seen, is the eCMR, while the national one is the consignment note. Both have the same purpose, they are just applied in different areas.

We have already seen the regulations concerning the eCMR, now let’s take a look at those concerning the domestic consignment note.

Economic sustainability measures in the field of transportation

In Spain, the consignment note was subject to regulatory changes under Royal Decree-Law 14/2022 of 1 August on measures for economic sustainability in the transport sector.

This regulatory text stipulated the obligation to formalize a consignment note if the transport price exceeds 150 euros, with the aim of shielding the transport contract in an evidentiary manner.
In this case, the consignment note must include the following mandatory mentions:

• Name or company name, VAT number and address of the shipper and, if applicable, of the sender.
• Name or company name and NIF of the actual carrier.
• Place, date and, if applicable, time of receipt of the goods by the actual carrier.
• Place, date and, if applicable, estimated time of delivery of the goods at destination.
• Recipient’s name and address.
• Nature and mass of the goods.
• Agreed transportation price. The price and charges related to the carriage shall cover the total actual individual costs incurred or borne by the carrier for its provision.

Modification of the ROTT

On May 22, 2023, an amendment to the Regulations of the Land Transport Management Law (ROTT) was published.

Specifically, with regard to the characteristics that must be met by the supports and computer applications of the control documentation to be completed electronically.

Electronic signature for consignment note in Spain

Thus, the digital consignment note in Spain will only have legal and juridical validity when the consigned data are accessible to any person authorized to do so; the storage of the data and the sending of documents is guaranteed; and they have the electronic signatures of all the intervening parties with the following characteristics:

• The signature must be linked only to the signatory.
• It must allow the signer to be identified.
• It must have been created using means that the signatory can maintain under his sole control.
• It should be linked to the data being submitted so that any subsequent changes to the data can be detected.

Electronic control documentation

The latest amendment to the ROTT also clarifies the system of control of transport documentation in electronic format by the agents of the road transport surveillance forces.

This modification estimates two control systems:

• By means of a code in numerical format that is transferred to the driver for him to show it to the authorities, so that they can view the contents of the document, in PDF format and with a size not exceeding 4 MB, deposited in a cloud repository of the ministry’s web application.
• By scanning a QR code containing the URL where the document is stored.

Sustainable Mobility Law

The Sustainable Mobility Law will make the control document in digital format mandatory. Although it does not directly digitize the consignment note, the digitization of the control document is the first step towards the digitization of all transport documents.

In its 8th transitory provision, it stipulates that “the administrative control document required for the performance of public road freight transport must necessarily be digital as of September 1, 2024”.

In other words, document digitalization in Spain should have been mandatory as of the third quarter of 2024. However, the delay in the approval of the Sustainable Mobility Law has meant that this date has been delayed until October 2026, following the approval of the aforementioned Law by Congress in November 2025.

Benefits of eCMR for transportation and logistics

Adopting eCMR goes far beyond a legal obligation. It is an opportunity to modernize road transport with immediate benefits.

Operational efficiency

• Elimination of paper and repetitive manual tasks.
• Reduction of administrative errors.
• Faster and safer delivery times.

Cost savings

• Reduction of printing, storage and document distribution costs.
• Lower costs due to loss of documentation.

Traceability and visibility

• Real-time control of shipment status.
• Increased capacity to respond to incidents.

Regulatory compliance

• Documentation validated and accessible by authorities.
• Secure and verifiable digital record in the event of litigation.

eCMR in Spain with full legal and regulatory guarantees

With all of the above, it is of vital importance that the eCRM system implemented in a transport company, in a loading company or in a logistics operator meets all the regulatory requirements set out in the previous points.

In this regard, the FIELDEAS Track and Trace Smart Docs Hub of FIELDEAS Track and Trace is one of the few in the market that offers complete legal and regulatory guarantees as it has the capacity to include all the information required depending on the type of transport and to include advanced digital signatures in the processing of the documentation, as well as guaranteeing the integrity of the information in the custody of the document.

In addition, the FIELDEAS Track and Trace solution allows cargo information to be verifiable by the authorities, either through a numerical code or through a QR code.